Heat-transfer and method of using same



Sept. 7, 1954 H. MEYER Q 2,688,579

HEAT-TRANSFERS AND METHOD OF USING SAME Filed May 21, 1951 FIG.

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Lnmntbr HQns D469 Patented Sept. 7, 195 4 HEAT-TRANSFER AND METHOD OF'USING SAME Hans Meyer, Richmond, England, assignor to Lacrincid ProductsLimited, Essex, England, a

British company ApplicationMay21, 1951, Serial No. 227,517.

Claims priority, application Great Britain May 23, 1950 This inventionrelates to heat-transfers, i. e. transfer materials consisting of atemporary support carrying a transferable layer or design on itssurface, such layeror-design being capable of transfer from thetemporary support toa permanent support, e. g. fabric, by theapplication of heat and at least a slight pressure.

Various methods have been proposed for the production of heat-transfers,and generally it can be said'that the best results are obtained byemploying transfer compositions containing a condensation product of athermosetting resin which is capable of being converted into theinsoluble and infusible state by the application of heat. Inthesemethodsa temporary support, usually paper, carries on its surface thelayer or design formed by the condensation product (which may containpigments, colouring matters, and the like) and the design is:transferred by placing the transfer-face down on the textile material,applying water by convenient means to the back of the temporary support(such as by covering it with a moist cloth), and pressing the assemblyfirmly with an iron hot enough to transform part of thewater into-steam.In this way the transferable layer is caused-to separate from thetemporary support and become secured to the textile fabric, but only thecontinued application of heat converts the condensation product' intothe insoluble and infusible state and renders it fast to repeatedlaundering with soap and alkali at the temperature of boiling water, andto-dry-cleaning with white spirit, trichlorethylene, or other commonlyemployedsolvents.

Itwill be appreciated that, with these existing methods, either a ratherprolonged time is required in the pressing operation in order to obtainsatisfactory resistance to laundering or dry-cleaning (which renders themethods impracticable for mechanical application), or this resistancehas tobe sacrificed to a large extent.

In some cases it is important that the transferred design should have ahigher resistance to laundering or dry-cleaning, e. g. where the designis a name or trade-mark applied to linen, sheets and towels owned-byhotels and'shipping companies, and overalls employed by multiple stores.In order to obtain transferred designs of sufiiciently high resistancethe time required in the pressing operation. is approximately 25 secondsper article, and a hand iron isusually employed in the process.

Where, on the other hand, heat-transfers-have tobe applied to hosieryand-other knitted-goods. the transfer operations, tobe economical; have18: Claims. (Cl. 154- 95) to be carried, out in rapid succession usingmechanical means, and the pressing time which can be allowed for eacharticle is comparatively short. As aconsequence, these mechanicallyapplied heat tra nsfers suffer from thedisadvantage that the designsproducedin this way are not resistant to launderingv or dry-cleaning andthey are, as a rule, wholly or partly removed from the articles duringtheir first cleansing.

It, is an object; of! the present invention to overcome the'foregoingdifficulties and to produce heat-transfers which are'capable of beingapplied at. an economical speed, which lends itself to amechanisationofthe process,.and which yield transferred designs whichare highly resistant to laundering and dry-cleaning.

The foregoing object is achieved according to the present inventionbyemploying, as the composition forming the basis of the transferablelayer or design, a blendof 50 to 95% by weight solvent-solublemelamine-aldehyde resin and 5 to 50% by weight solvent-soluble alkydresin,

both. being. thermosetting. resins in the solvent'- soluble state,convertible to an insoluble and infusible form by application-of heatand pres sure.

It: has been. found that melamine-aldehyde type resins arealone-not-entirely satisfactory as media for the: transfer materialsince they harden relatively: slowly on application of heat andpressure. Alkyd'resins, on the other hand, are also not entirelysatisfactory when used alone since, though they harden rapidly onapplication of. heat andpressure, the transfersobtained bytheir use havenot a sufiicient colourfastness. Byusingthe two resins together,however, ithas been found that the transfer material. hardens. rapidlyunder heat and pressure to. yield a; transferwhich is-highly resistantto laundering and dry-cleaning, as well' as to the mechanical stressestowhich itis subjected in the course of such cleaningoperations, and whichis of verygood colour-fastness.

In regard tothe melamine-aldehyde resin employed, it is to be observedthat though such resins may beobtained-using various aldehydes, thepreferred resins-according to the present invention arethose obtained bycondensing melamines with formaldehyde. Resins from substitutedmelamines, e. g. alkylatecl melamine formaldehyde resins; may also beusefully employed.

The-alkyd type resinmay be any resin formed by the condensation ofpolyhydric alcohol with a polybasic acid, and; in particular, theglyceryl 3 phthalate resins sold under the registered trademark Glyptaland the oil-modified alkyd resins, are suitable.

The composition may contain pigments, dyestuffs or other materialsadapted to create the required visual impression in the transferredlayer or design. In formulating the composition the resins arepreferably dissolved in appropriate solvents and the solutions obtainedthen mixed together. For example, the melamine-aldehyde resin may bedissolved in butyl alcohol and the alkyd resins dissolved in xylol. Thepigments or dyestuffs or other materials which are to be added may beincluded in either solution or in the mixed solution. The concentrationof the ingredients is adjusted to achieve a consistency in thecomposition, such that it may readily be applied by any of thewell-known reproduction methods such as silk-screening, printing, rollercoating, and the like, to a temporary support such as paper. Onevaporation of the solvents the composition sets on the paper in therequired design.

It is also possible to include in the composition a catalyst which willserve to accelerate the rate at which the composition hardens under heatand pressure, but this is undesirable if the compositions are to be keptfor any substantial length of time before actually being used in atransfer operation since the accelerator tends in many cases to cause aslow hardening of the composition to take place on keeping even withoutthe application of heat and pressure. If this happens the transferablelayer may become diflicult or impossible to transfer.

According to the preferred form of the present invention, therefore, anaccelerator for the hardening of the composition is applied to thetransfer material immediately before or during the actual transferoperation. Generally speaking salts of strong acids with weak bases andalso organic acids and esters thereof serve to act as accelerators andit is convenient, therefore, to apply these salts or acids in the formof dilute solutions or dispersions to the transfer material or thefabric immediately preceding the transfer operation. The accelerator isthus only brought into play when it is actually required to acceleratethe hardening of the composition and in this way a very rapid hardeningmay be achieved without the danger of a slow hardening in the transfermaterial itself during its shelf life. The accelerators include ammoniumsulphate, sodium bisulphate, zinc sulphate, aluminium sulphate, ammoniumchloride, formic acid, acetic acid, oxalic acid, benzoic acid, ethylhydrogen-phosphate, dioctyl succinate, trimethylamine hydrochloride.

Whereas with existing methods it is usual to place the fabric on asupporting table, place the transfer on the fabric with the transferablelayer in contact with the fabric, lay over the transfer material a pieceof cloth soaked in water, and apply heat and pressure, e. g. by means ofa hot iron, to the surface of the moist cloth, an alteration of thisorder is preferred in the present invention in order to bring theaccelerator into play. This alteration consists of applying heat throughthe medium of a pad moistened with accelerator solution to the reverseside of the fabric and placing the transfer so that its transferablelayer is directed towards the source of course, be held together undersome pressure during the transfer operation.

The preferred method is illustrated more particularly in theaccompanying drawings, in which Figure 1 illustrates, in section, abacking layer to which a transferable layer has been applied;

Figure 2 is a side elevation showing simple equipment for applying thetransferable layer to the permanent support.

Two forms of apparatus for applying the transfers are shown by way ofexample on Figures 1 and 2 of the drawings, in which the permanentsupport to which the transfer is to be applied is shown at 3. Thetransfer comprises a backing 4 and a transferable layer 5. A pad ofabsorbent material is shown at 6, this pad being moistened with theaccelerator solution, and it will be observed that it is placed on theopposite side of the permanent support to the transfer. The applicationof the transfer is efiected by upper and lower platens l, 8 respectivelyand it will be noted that preferably the platen 8 is heated while theplaten I may not be heated or it may be heated to a lower temperaturethan the platen 8. After the application of heat and pressure by theplatens l and 8 in the manner above described for a short period ofdwell the platens are separated and the backing layer 4 removed. Thesupport 3, with the transfer layer 5 firmly fixed thereto and convertedinto the insoluble and infusible state, can be removed from theapparatus.

The arrangements just described have been found to yield appreciablybetter results and though the reason for the improvement resulting fromthis technique remains uncertain, and the applicant is not to beregarded as being restricted to any theory in this matter, it isbelieved that the improvement is due either to the fact that the heatreaches the transferable layer together with the accelerator oralternatively (or in addition) because the transfer is in a directiontowards the source of heat and pressure rather than away from it. Thusthe side of the transferable layer which is. to become intimatelyassociated with the textile fabric is the side which is reached first bythe applied heat and this may cause it to melt temporarily and adherevery firmly to the fabric.

By reason of the improvements which may be effected in accordance withthe present invention, it becomes possible to apply heat-transfers,manufactured in accordance with this invention, by a, rapidly operatingtransfer machine. The actual time required for a satisfactory transferwill vary with the particular blend of resins employed and with theparticular accelerator used, but it has been found that transfer may beeffected by single stage heat pressing operations lasting only to 5seconds each.

The duration of the heat pressing treatment will vary with thetemperature employed. Generally a temperature of at least C. is employedand whereas, using that temperature, a pressing time of 8 seconds issatisfactory, this may be reduced to 2 seconds by increasing thetemperature to C., other factors remaining the same. The pressurerequired varies with the thickness and type of material to which thedesign is transferred. A pressure of 4 to 5 lbs. per square inch issuitable for a smooth thin material. and a thicker rougher material,such as woollen fabric, may require 15 to 20 lbs. per square inchpressure.

One of the advantages to be derived from the present invention is thatdesigns can be produced on a variety of textile fabrics having theappearance of garment labels. These labels, which are used in themaking-up of coats, suits, ladies blouses, shirts, neckties, underwearand the like, usually consist of a cotton, silk or artificial silkfabric with a woven or printed design and they are attached to thegarments by sewing. This sewing-on does not usually form a specialoperation but is carried out during some stage in the making-up of thegarments. It follows that, if the conventional garment label is to bereplaced by a heat-transfer design, the latter must be capable of beingtransferred quickly and to withstand all laundering and dry-cleaningoperations to which the garments are normally subjected,

Th following examples will serve to illustrate the invention:

Example I 48 parts by weight of by weight solution of butylatedmelamine-formaldehyde resin in butanol are mixed with 16 parts by weightof a 60% by weight solution of a non-drying castoroil-modified alkydcondensation product (acid value 10 to in xylol. To the mixture areadded 3 parts by weight of the aniline pigment known as Irgalite PER,and the whole thoroughly dispersed on a triple roll mill. The resultingprinting ink is applied by any of the usual printing techniques ontopaper, and the paper dried at a moderate temperature. The transferpaper, thus prepared, is placed on a support with the design facingupwards, and white cotton fabric is placed on top. A pad moistened witha 10% solution of ammonium sulphate in water is placed on the fabric. Onsubjecting the assembly to a temperature of 150 C. and a pressure of 15lbs. per square inch for 5 seconds, the design is transferred from thepaper on to the fabric and very little of the printing ink remains onthe paper base. On boiling the fabric carrying the transferred designfor 30 minutes in an aqueous solution containing 1% by weight of soapand 0.5% by weight of sodium carbonate, the brilliance of the colour isunaffected, there is no bleeding of the colour into the parts of thefabric surrounding the transfer, and the wash water is unstained. Theboiling can be repeated a number of times without showing any effect onthe transfer.

Example II A mixture is prepared from 16 parts by Weight of a 60% byweight solution of butylated melamine-formaldehyde resin in butanol and1 part by weight of a 60% by weight solution of a nondryingcastor-oil-modified alkyd in xylol. To half of this mixture is added 5%by weight of the aniline pigment known as Monastral Fast Blue L, B. S.and to the reset 6.5% by weight of titanium dioxide, and both inks arethoroughly ground. The blue printing ink is printed onto paper to form adesign and dried. The white printing ink is then applied over the wholesurface of the paper bearing the blue design, e. g. by roller coating,and dried. The paper carrying the printed transfer is cut to the size ofa garment label and placed on a support with the design facing upwards.A striped fabric consisting of a blend of viscose and cellulose acetateyarns is placed over the design and an absorbent fabric or papermoistened with a 5% by weight mixture of mono-octyl succinate and 95% byweight methylated spirit is placed on top. The assembled layers are thensubjected to a temperature of 150 0. applied to the ab-. sorbent fabricor paper and to a pressure of 15 lbs.- persquare inchfor 5. seconds inorderto transfer the. design from the paper support to the fabric. Theappearance of a garment label is created by the fact that the whiteprint forms a background by obliterating the striped pattern ofthe.fabric, with the blue printing appearing on the faceof it. The fastnessand brilliance of the colours of the transferred layer and design arenot afiected in any. way by repeated dry-cleanin with trichlorethylene.

Est-ample III A mixture is prepared of 10 parts of a 60% by weightsolution of a butylated melamine-formaldehyde resin in butanol, 10 partsof 60% by weight solution of a non-drying castor-oil-modified alkydresin in xylol, 11.5 parts by weight of benzyl alcohol (serving as highboiling solvent to maintain fluidity) and 18.5 parts by weight oftitanium dioxide. The whole is thoroughly ground and the resultingmixture printed on to paper and dried. The transfer so produced isplaced on a support with the design facing upwards and covered with apiece of woolen fabric. Over this is placed an absorbent fabric or papermoistened with a 10% aqueous solution of formic acid, and the wholeassembly subjected to a pressure of 15 lbs. per square inch and atemperature of C., applied to the absorbent fabric or papenfor 5seconds. The design is thereby transferred from the paper to the fabricand is un" affected by repeated washing or dry-cleaning.

I claim:

1. A heat transfer material comprising a temporary support carrying atransferable layer on its surface, such layer being capable of transferfrom the temporary support to a permanent support by the application ofheat and at least a sl ht pressure, the said transferable layerconsisting essentially of a blend of 50-95% by weight melamine-aldehyderesin and 50 by weight alkyd resin both said resins being thermosettingresins in the solvent-soluble state convertible to aninsoluble andinfusible form by the said application of heat and pressure.

2. A heat transfer material comprising a temporary support carrying atransferable layer on its surface, such layer being capable of transferfrom the temporary support to a permanent sup: port by the applicationof heat and at least a slight pressure, the said transferable layerconsisting essentially of a blend of 50-95% by weightmelamine-formaldehyde resin and 5G-5% by weight alkyd resin both. saidresins being there mosetting resins in the solvent-soluble stateconvertible to aninsoluble and infusible form by the said application ofheat and pressure.

3. A heat transfer material comprising a temporary support carrying atransferable layer on its surface, such layer being capable of transferfrom the temporary support to a permanent support by the application ofheat and at least a slight pressure, the said transferable layerconsisting essentially of a blend of 50-95% by weight melamine-aldehyderesin and 50-5% by weight oil-modified alkyd resin both said resinsbeing thermosetting resins in the solvent-soluble state convertible toan insoluble and infusible form by the said application of heat andpressure.

4. A heat transfer material comprising a temporary support carrying atransferable layer on its surface, such layer being capable of transferfrom thetemporary support to a permanent support by the application ofheat and at least a slightpressure, the said, transferablelayerconsisting essentially of a blend of 50-95% by weightmelamine-formaldehyde resin and 50-5% by weight oil-modified alkyd resinboth said resins being thermosetting resins in the solvent-soluble stateconvertible to an insoluble and infusible form by the said applicationof heat and pressure.

5. A heat transfer material comprising a temporary support carrying atransferable layer on its surface, such layer being capable of transferfrom the temporary support to a permanent support by the application ofheat and at least a slight pressure, the said transferable layerconsisting essentially of a blend of 50-95% by weight butylatedmelamine-formaldehyde resin and 5 by weight castor-oil-modified alkydresin both said resins being thermosetting resins in the solvent-solublestate convertible to an insoluble and infusible form by the saidapplication of heat and pressure.

6. A heat transfer material comprising a temporary support carrying atransferable layer on its surface, such layer being capable of transferfrom the temporary support to a permanent support by the application ofheat and at least a slight pressure, the said transferable layerconsisting essentially of a blend of -95% by weight melamine-aldehyderesin and 50-5% by Weight alkyd resin, the said layer further containingcolouring material both said resins being thermosetting resins in thesolvent-soluble state convertible to an insoluble and infusible form bythe said application of heat and pressure.

7. A heat transfer material comprising a temporary support carrying atransferable layer on its surface, such layer being capable of transferfrom the temporary support to a permanent support by the application ofheat and at least a slight pressure, the said transferable layerconsisting essentially of a blend of 50-95% by weightmelamine-formaldehyde resin and 50-5% by weight oil-modified alkydresin, the said layer further containing colouring material both saidresins being thermosetting resins in the solventsoluble stateconvertible to an insoluble and infusible form by the said applicationof heat and pressure.

8. A heat transfer material comprising a temporary support carrying atransferable layer on its surface, such layer being capable of transferfrom the temporary support to a permanent sup- 0 port by the applicationof heat and at least a slight pressure, the said transferable layerconsisting essentially of a blend of 509 by weight butylatedmelamine-formaldehyde resin and 50- 5% by weight castor-oil-modifiedalkyd resin, the said layer further containing colouring material bothsaid resins being thermosetting resins in the solvent-soluble stateconvertible to an insoluble and infusible form by the said applicationof heat and pressure.

9. A heat transfer material comprising a temporary support carrying atransferable layer on its surface, such layer being capable of transferfrom the temporary support to a permanent support by the application ofheat and at least a slight pressure, the said transferable layerconsisting essentially of a blend of 50-95% by weight melamine-aldehyderesin and 50-5% by weight alkyd resin, the said layer further containingcolouring material and being discontinuous and in the form of a designboth said resins being thermosetting resins in the solvent-soluble stateconvertible to an insoluble and infusible form by the said applicationof heat and pressure.

10. A heat transfer material comprising a temporary support carrying atransferable layer on its surface, such layer being capable of transferfrom the temporary support to a permanent support by the application ofheat and at least a slight pressure, the said transferable layerconsisting essentially of a blend of 50-95% by weight butylatedmelamine-formaldehyde resin and 50- 5% by weight castor-oil-modifiedalkyd resin, the said layer further containing colouring material andbeing discontinuous and in the form of a design both said resins beingthermosetting resins in the solvent-soluble state convertible to aninsoluble and infusible form by the said application of heat andpressure.

11. A method of applying a heat transfer consisting of a temporarysupport carrying a transferable layer on its surface, such layerconsisting essentially of a blendof 50-95% by weight melamine-aldehyderesin and 50-5% by weight alkyd resin, both said resins beingthermosetting resins in the solvent-soluble form, which comprisesbringing the said layer into contact with a permanent support, applyingheat and at least slight pressure thereto to effect the transfer of thesaid layer to said permanent support and the conversion of thetransferred layer into an insoluble and infusible form on the permanentsupport.

12. A method of applying a heat transfer according to claim 11 includingthe step of simultaneously applying an accelerator for assisting thehardening of the said blend of resins.

13. A method of applying a heat transfer consisting of a temporarysupport carrying a transferable layer on its surface, such layerconsisting essentially of'a blend of 50-95% by eight melamine-aldehyderesin and 505% by weight alkyd resin, both said resins beingthermosetting resins in the solvent-soluble form, which comprisesassembling the said heat transfer with a permanent support such that thesaid layer is in contact with one side of thesaid permanent support,applying to the assembly an absorbent pad containing a solution of anaccelerator for the hardening of the said resins, and applying heat andat least slight pressure to the assembly to effect the transfer of thesaid layer to the permanent support and the simultaneous hardening ofthe said layer by conversion of said resins into an insoluble andinfusible state.

14. A method of applying a heat transfer consisting of a temporarysupport carrying a transferable layer on its surface, such layerconsisting essentially of a blend of 50-95% by weight melamine-aldehyderesin and 50-5% by Weight alkyd resin, both said resins beingthermosetting resins in the solvent-soluble form, which comprisesassembling the said heat transfer with a permanent support such that thesaid layer is in contact with one side of the said permanent support,applying to the other side of said permanent support an absorbent padcontaining a solution of an accelerator for the hardening of the saidresins, and applying heat and at least slight pressure to the assemblyto effect the transfer of the said layer to the permanent support andthe simultaneous hardening of the said layer by conversion of saidresins into an insoluble and infusible state.

15. A method of applying a heat transfer consisting of a temporarysupport carrying a transferable layer on its surface, such layerconsisting essentially of a blend of 50-95% by weight melamine-aldehyderesin and 50-5% by weight alkyd resin, both said resins beingthermosetting resins in the solvent-soluble form, which comprisesbringing the said layer into contact with a perma- "sex 9 nent support,heating the assembly to 120-160" C. under slight pressure to effect thetransfer of the said layer to said permanent support and simultaneouslyapplying thereto an accelerator for the hardening of the said resins byconversion of said resins into an insoluble and infusible state.

16. A method of applying a heat transfer consisting of a temporarysupport carrying a transferable layer on its surface, such layerconsisting essentially of a blend of 50-95% by Weight melamine-aldehyderesin and 50-5% by weight alkyd resin, both said resins beingthermosetting resins in the solvent-soluble form, which comprisesbringing the said layer into contact with a permanent support, heatingthe assembly to 120-160 C. under a pressure of 4-20 lbs. per square inchto efiect the transfer of the said layer to said permanent support andsimultaneously applying thereto an accelerator for the hardening of thesaid resins by conversion of said resins into an insoluble and infusiblestate.

1'7. A method of applying a heat transfer consisting of a temporarysupport carrying a transferable layer on its surface, such layerconsisting essentially of a blend of 50-95% by weight melamine-aldehyderesin and 50-5% by weight alkyd resin, both said resins beingthermosetting resins in the solvent-soluble form, which comprisesassembling the said heat transfer with a permanent support such that thesaid layer is in contact with one side of the said permanent support,applying to the assembly an absorbent pad containing a solution of anaccelerator for the hardening of the said resins, and heating theassembly to 120- 160 C. under a pressure of 4-20 lbs. per square inch toeffect the transfer of the said layer to the permanent support and thesimultaneous hardening of the said layer by conversion of said resinsinto an insoluble and infusible state.

18. A method of applying a heat transfer consisting of a temporarysupport carrying a transferable layer on its surface, such layerconsisting essentially of a blend of -95% by weight melamine-aldehyderesin and 05% by weight alkyd resin, both said resins beingthermosetting resins in the solvent-soluble form, which comprisesassembling the said heat transfer with a permanent support such that thesaid layer is in contact with one side of the said permanent support,applying to the other side of said permanent support an absorbent padcontaining a solution of an accelerator for the hardening of the saidresins, and heating the assembly to -160 C. under a pressure of 4-20lbs. per square inch to eifect the transfer of the said layer to thepermanent support and the simultaneous hardening of the said layer byconversion of said resins into an insoluble and infusible state.

References Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS NumberName Date 1,713,151 Terlinden May 14, 1929 2,516,487 Schlicksupp July25, 1950 2, Francis June 5, 1951 2,593,553 Francis Apr. 22, 1952

1. A HEAT TRANSFER MATERIAL COMPRISING A TEMPORARY SUPPORT CARRYING ATRANSFERABLE LAYER ON ITS SURFACE, SUCH LAYER BEING CAPABLE OF TRNASFERFROM THE TEMPORARY SUPPORT TO A PERMANENT SUPPORT BY THE APPLICATION OFHEAT AND AT LEAST A SLIGHT PRESSURE, THE SAID TRANSFERABLE LAYERCONSISTING ESSENTIALLY OF A BLEND OF 50-95% BY WEIGHT MELAMINE-ALDEHYDERESIN AND 50-5% BY WEIGHT ALKYD RESIN BOTH SAID RESINS BEINGTHERMOSETTING RESINS IN THE SOLVENT-SOLUBLE STATE CONVERTIBLE TO ANINSOLUBLE AND INFUSIBLE FORM BY THE SAID APPLICATION OF HEAT ANDPRESSURE.
 11. A METHOD OF APPLYING A HEAT TRANSFER CONSISTING OF ATEMPORARY SUPPORT CARRYING A TRANSFERABLE LAYER ON ITS SURFACE, SUCHLAYER CONSISTING ESSENTIALLY OF A BLEND OF 50-95% BY WEIGHTMELAMINE-ALDEHYDE RESIN AND 50-5% BY WEIGHT ALKYD RESIN, BOTH SAIDRESINS BEING THERMOSETTING RESINS IN THE SOLVENT-SOLUBLE FORM, WHICHCOMPRISES BRINGING THE SAID LAYER INTO CONTACT WITH A PERMANENT SUPPORT,APPLYING HEAT AND AT LEAST SLIGHT PRESSURE THERETO TO EFFECT THETRANSFER OF THE SAID LAYER TO SAID PERMANENT SUPPORT AND THE CONVERSIONOF THE TRANSFERRED LAYER INTO AN INSOLUBLE AND INFUSIBLE FORM ON THEPERMANENT SUPPORT.